Triple-negative breast cancer means that the pathology report has shown the cancer to be estrogen receptor negative, progesterone receptor negative, and HER2 negative.

Results published in Clinical Cancer Research found that women with triple negative breast cancer have an increased risk of metastatic disease and death during the first few years after diagnoses, but not after that time period.

A study was conducted among 1,601 breast cancer patients. One hundred and eighty women (11.2%) had triple negative breast cancer.

The results of the study:

There are several treatment options for liver metastasis, one being surgery. Results published in the Archives of Surgery state that repeat surgery to remove cancer that has spread to the liver provides significantly improved survival among patients with colorectal cancer.

The surgery, called hepatectomy, is the surgical removal of cancer and the surrounding tissue. Researchers recently evaluated data including treatment with repeat hepatectomies among patients with colorectal cancer and liver metastasis. The study included 64 patients who underwent one or more hepatectomies followed by chemotherapy.

At five years the overall survival was 53 percent. Among patients who experienced a cancer recurrence, five-year overall survival measured from the first hepatectomy was 73 percent among patients who underwent repeated hepatectomy, compared with 43 percent among patients without repeated surgery.

Periodontitis is a chronic gum disease that progresses very slowly. It can lead to bone loss around affected teeth.

Researchers from the University at Buffalo School of Dental Medicine in New York say that those with gum disease have a higher risk of developing tongue cancer. The researchers compared 51 men diagnosed with tongue cancer to 54 cancer free men.

They reported that each millimeter reduction in bone loss was associated with a 5 fold rise in risk of tongue cancer. Seeing bone loss on the x-rays indicates the gum disease has existed for decades, making it clear that periodontitis preceded the cancer diagnosis, and not the other way around.

I have heard many times that being obese or overweight increases the risk of developing breast cancer. It also has been said that it shortens the time between the return of the disease.

Why is this? It might be because of a hormone in our bodies called leptin.

Researchers are doing experiments on mice that might prove to be an important influence in developing drugs that target the mechanism that causes obese individuals to have a higher risk of the disease.

Italian researchers speaking at the Experimental Biology 2007 in Washington, DC, report evidence on how leptin, a hormone found in fat cells, significantly influences breast cancer development and progression in mice.

Leptin sends messages to the body that no more food is needed, a process that might not work well for those that are overweight or obese. Leptin also is involved with cell differentiation and proliferation in the body. Leptin has demonstrated to play a significant role in promoting breast cancer in obese women by increasing the amount of estrogen in the breast tissue.

Even though these are experiments done only on mice at this point, this learning process is what leads to new drugs and targeted therapies.

New hope may be an injection away for patients living with glioma, a terminal brain cancer that comes with a life expectancy of about 25 weeks post-diagnosis.

A new vaccine called Vitaspen is made by using tissue extracted from each person's cancerous tumor. The tissue is used as a unique footprint for the vaccine that targets destructive tumor tissue while sparing healthy tissue in the same region.

Vitaspen is only in the first stage of clinical human trials, but researchers are pleased with the promise of the new drug -- particularly the benefits trial participants are gaining form the treatment. They have reported no adverse side effects, and the drug has increased the overall survival rate.

Results of stage one trials will determine if the drug warrants stage two testing.

Ovarian cancer is difficult to detect. There are no great screening tests to pick up on its presence in the body, and by the time symptoms appear, the disease has often progressed into an advanced stage. But a ray of light has recently emerged in the study of ovarian cancer -- and it could help in the prevention and early detection of this deadly disease.

Think about this, from the April 2007 issue of Woman's Day magazine:

Researchers at the University of Washington School of Medicine have identified a simple checklist of six symptoms associated with an increased risk of the disease and three of them -- if they occur at least 12 times per month and are present for less than one year -- were present 57 percent of the time in a study of women with early-stage disease.

And the three symptoms are: abdominal and pelvic pain, bloating and difficulty eating, and feeling full quickly.

If you experience these problems, especially if they are frequent or new, contact your doctor because identifying ovarian cancer quickly is key. In its early stages, the cure rate is 90 percent. But for advanced cancer, it's only 20 percent.

According to an article published in the American Journal of Epidemiology, smoking is responsible for the majority of laryngeal cancer in Central Europe.

The majority of head and neck cancers are cancers of the larynx, or voice box. Central Europe has some of the highest incidence rates of laryngeal cancer in the world. Researchers are continuing to evaluate potential links between smoking and other environmental variables and the risk of laryngeal cancer.

Researchers from Europe recently conducted a clinical study to evaluate the potential role of both tobacco and alcohol in the development of this disease.

The study found:

• Approximately 87 percent of laryngeal cancer is attributed to the use of tobacco
• 75 percent of laryngeal cancer is attributed to current tobacco use
• 12 percent is due to past tobacco use
• Nearly 40 percent of laryngeal cancers are attributed to the interaction between alcohol and tobacco
• Stopping smoking for five years or longer protected individuals against the development of laryngeal cancer
• Alcohol use alone was not significantly associated with an increased risk of developing laryngeal cancer

The authors of the study states "Preventive efforts to encourage current smokers to quit are likely to be the most effective way to reduce the incidence of laryngeal cancer in this region"

An article recently published in the International Journal of Cancer says that airborne exposure to some occupational carcinogens appears to increase the risk of noncardia gastric cancer among men.

Noncardia gastric cancer refers to cancer that is in the middle or lower part of the stomach. Researchers from Sweden recently conducted a clinical study to evaluate potential occupational airborne exposures that may be associated with the risk of developing noncardia gastric cancer. This study included over 256,000 men with 200 different jobs.

Conclusions:

• Workers exposed to cement dust has a 50 percent increased rate of noncardia gastric cancer
• Workers exposed to quartz dust had a 30 percent increased rate of noncardia gastric cancer
• Workers exposed to diesel exhaust has a 40 percent rate of noncardia gastric cancer
• Exposure to asbestos, asphalt fumes, concrete dust, epoxy resins, isocyanates, metal fumes, mineral fibers, organic solvents, or wood dust did not appear to increase the risk of noncardia gastric cancers.

Men exposed to these airborne carcinogens may wish to speak with their physician regarding potential screening measures for noncardia gastric cancer.

An article recently published in the journal Cancer says that middle-aged men who are obese at the time of diagnoses of prostate cancer have a significantly worse overall survival than those who are not overweight.

Researchers from the University of Washington and the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center recently conducted a clinical study to further evaluate potential associations between obesity and outcomes among patients diagnosed with prostate cancer. This study included 752 middle-aged men diagnosed with the disease.

They concluded that the men with the highest body fat had an approximate 2.5 fold increase in risk of death from prostate cancer. Also, the obese men had a 3.5 fold increased risk of metastasis.

Its not like we haven't heard bad things about red meat before -- I came across this study that says the intake of red meat was associated with a significant increase in the risk of pre-menopausal estrogen positive breast cancer but not estrogen negative breast cancer.

Having been diagnosed with pre-menopausal breast cancer myself, I know that there are many factors that could have caused my disease. I do not spend any significant time on these thoughts. I look ahead and do what I can now to keep myself healthy.

I do think the study is good information for women to read who have an increased risk of breast cancer. Maybe watching their diet more closely can help them prevent breast cancer, but there is no sure way we know to prevent it. I still eat meat and enjoy it very much but I love fish and chicken also.

I really liked Jacki's take on red meat -- Uncertain about red meat

Doctors prescribing anemia drugs for patients with kidney disease and cancer were urged by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on Friday to carefully dispense of these drugs due to an increased risk of death and other serious problems, such as blood clots, strokes, and heart attacks in patients with chronic kidney failure and rapid tumor growth in patients with head and neck cancer who receive doses higher than recommended.

The potentially harmful drugs, sold under than brand names Procrit, Epogen, and Aranesp, are genetically engineered versions of a natural protein -- called erythropoietin -- that increases the number of red blood cells. The drugs, with combined 2006 U.S. sales of $10 billion, are commonly used for patients with certain forms of kidney disease and for those receiving chemotherapy for cancer.

The FDA is adding warnings to the drugs' labels that will strongly instruct doctors to use the lowest possible dose needed to help patients avoid blood transfusions.

The FDA will also take a close look at how the drugs are marketed, including claims the drugs can improve the quality of life.

A meeting of FDA officials to further discuss this issue, believed to stem from drug overuse by dialysis centers and oncologists who make more money by using more of the drugs. is scheduled for May 10. Recommendations could lead to additional revisions of the drugs' labels.

A sarcoma is a cancer of the connective or supportive tissue and soft tissue affecting the bones, cartilage, fat, muscle, and blood vessels. Osteogenic sarcoma or osteosarcoma is one of the most common childhood bone cancers. Soft tissue sarcomas are more common in adults than in children. In all, sarcomas constitute fewer than 1 percent of all cancers. Its treatment is made more difficult with the existence of more than 70 varieties.

New studies released by the Journal of the National Cancer Institute showed that children who survive cancers have an increased risk of developing a secondary sarcoma,compared with the general population. Tara Henderson, M.D., of the University of Chicago Department of Pediatrics, and colleagues examined the incidence of secondary sarcomas and the risk factors associated with that risk among the 14,372 participants in the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. Overall, there were 751 second cancers diagnosed among the participants, 108 of which were secondary sarcomas such as soft tissue sarcoma, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors, and osteosarcoma. These sarcomas were diagnosed an average of 11 years after patients were diagnosed with their primary cancer.

Patients diagnosed with retinoblastoma have a greater chance than the general public of developing soft-tissue sarcomas over their lifetime, says an article recently published in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

Retinoblastoma is a rare cancer that originates in the eye. Treatment for retinoblastoma often includes radiation therapy and may also include chemotherapy and surgical removal of the eye. There has been some concern that radiation therapy increases the risk of developing cancer in tissues within the radiation field.

The National Cancer Institute recently conducted a study to evaluate potential associates between patients diagnosed with retinoblastoma and the rate of soft-tissue sarcomas following treatment.

The study included 963 patients treated and diagnosed with hereditary retinoblastoma from 1914-1984. Data on these patients regarding the rates of soft-tissues sarcomas were compared to the general population.

The researchers concluded that patients diagnosed with hereditary retinoblastoma appear to have a significantly increased risk of developing soft-tissue sarcomas. This risk was increased in these patients whether or not they received radiation therapy and remained increased outside the field of radiation therapy; this indicates a potential genetic susceptibility for soft tissue sarcomas among patients with hereditary retinoblastoma.

A new study shows that if you drink, bathe or swim in chlorinated water it may increase the risk of bladder cancer. The chemicals, mostly chlorine, used to disinfect water can be harmful when they are inhaled or absorbed through the skin.

The chemical by-product produced, called trihalomethanes (THM), can be a powerful carcinogenic because it does not get detoxified by the liver.

The researchers analyzed the average water THM levels in the 123 municipalities in the study. People living in households with an average household water THM of more than 49 micrograms per liter had double the bladder cancer risk of those living in households where water THM concentration was below 8 micrograms per liter. They noted that levels of about 50 micrograms per liter are common in industrialized societies.

Those who drank chlorinate water were at a 35 percent greater risk of bladder cancer than those who didn't and the use of swimming pools boosted bladder cancer risk by 57 percent.

Something else we need to worry about--great! I am not losing sleep over this one. I cannot take back all those years swimming in the backyard pool!

2006 will forever be the year linking the decline in breast cancer cases to the decline in use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT). This was big news on the cancer front, and while some argue other forces helped drive the breast cancer drop, there is still much speculation that the use of HRT somehow increases the risk of developing the disease. Even so, it is predicted that Wyeth's sales of hormone replacement drugs will have reached more than $1 billion as of yesterday, the last day of 2006.

Even more interesting is the prediction by analysts that revenue from the pills -- used to treat symptoms of menopause -- will rise five percent annually for the next several years.

It seems the sales growth, despite the overall decline in the HRT market, is primarily due to increased demand from wholesalers and price increases too.

It's hard to tell what will happen to the world of HRT in the year 2007 -- will women embrace what is considered the best therapy around for menopausal issues? Will they abandon the controversial treatment altogether? Will they find variations of HRT that meet their needs while minimizing risk for disease? Only time will tell.