Antiretroviral drugs, used to prevent HIV transmission from mother to child, are now believed to cause genetic damage in infants. This damage, leading to an increased risk of developing cancer, makes it highly plausible these children may be diagnosed with the disease in mid and late adulthood.

Two new studies indicate there are cancer-causing effects of transplacental exposure to AZT, an antiretroviral drug. These effects -- like increased incidence of tumors and tumors with genetic changes -- have been demonstrated in mice and rats and seem to be cause for concern in humans too.

"The cumulative mutagenesis data suggest that infants exposed transplacentally to AZT may be at increased risk for cancer as they age," said one researcher, whose findings are published in Environment and Molecular Mutagenesis.

Daughters born to mothers who were prescribed the anti-miscarriage drug diethylstilbestrol (DES), a synthetic estrogen, during pregnancy are at increased risk of developing breast cancer, according to research done by a nationwide team of researchers. Between the 1940s through to the 1960s millions of pregnant women were given this drug.

"This is really unwelcome news because so many women worldwide were prenatally exposed to DES, and these women are just now approaching the age at which breast cancer becomes more common," said the study's lead author, Julie Palmer, Sc.D., professor of epidemiology at the Boston University School of Public Health.

For a little history on DES, back in the late 1930s, physicians believed that low levels of estrogen in pregnant women led to spontaneous abortions or premature deliveries. But in the early 1950s, a clinical trial showed no drug benefit in preventing miscarriage. However, use continued in the US until 1971 when researchers determined that DES greatly increased the risk of developing rare cancers of the vagina and cervix in DES daughters.

I assume most DES daughters at increased cancer risk are already aware. However, what makes this news, is that researchers believe that if excess estrogen in utero might increase breast cancer risk later in life, the concern becomes one where other environmental factors that increase fetal exposure to estrogenic compounds need to be given serious consideration.

Parents who know they are at high-risk for passing on genetic defects that can lead to disease for their child, have been relying on genetic testing to screen embryos for inherited diseases. British scientists announced today they have developed a new test that focuses on DNA fingerprinting near the gene. The new test allows more couples to be tested since they are looking at DNA markers opposed to trying to find the gene, which can vary. According to the researchers, this is a more reliable test. The method involves taking a cell from the embryo to detect signs of the DNA marker and discarding it if it does show the likelihood of gene mutation. Only healthy embryos are used during the in-vitro fertilization, ensuring parents a healthy child.

Right now, there are strict ethical controls on this type of medical procedure, but in the years to come, when these types of procedures become more commonplace, and less expensive, will the controls begin to relax? I am not going to argue against choosing a healthy embryo over one that carries a genetic mutation that might one day lead to disease later in life, but I am still hesitant to embrace where the medical field might be going with these new tests and the potential for superficial application such as -- say -- designer babies. Paris Hilton mommies embryonic shopping for a child. I realize that is an extreme example, but it is the one I fear most. In addition, I am not an adherent of scientific worship and see medical science as a very shaky inexact science. The more I learn, the more I realize they do not know. However, here we are, and you can't un-ring a bell. Hopefully the future will prove all my misgivings wrong.

For more thoughts on designer babies, related posts: Woman pregnant with cancer-free baby and Disease-free designer babies embryo selection.

Parents want what is best for baby. No parent wants to expose their baby to cancer-causing chemicals. Because you cannot always rely on baby care product makers to offer only the safest and the best products for your baby, the Environmental Working Group offers Skin Deep, an online searchable safety ratings database of brand-by-brand baby care products.

Skin Deep's database of baby care product categories includes: after sun products; anti-itch/rash creams; baby bubble baths; baby lotions; baby oils; baby powders; baby shampoos; baby soaps; baby sunscreens; baby toothpastes; baby wipes; cradle cap treatments; diaper creams; lip balm/treatments; and nipple cream for mothers.

While every baby care product on the market is not yet included in the Skin Deep baby care products database, parents can find many of the major brands listed. Each product comes complete with a safety score that allows parents to shop wisely.

Of special note: Parents can be safe from cancer-causing personal care products too. Back in February, we featured Skin Deep's Campaign for Safe Cosmetics when it launched a searchable database of adult personal care products used every day that might contain chemicals linked to cancer, birth defects and other serious health issues. To learn more about this resource, go here.

Multiple pregnancies for women who carry the inherited mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes appears to reduce the risk of developing breast cancer, according to researchers from the German Cancer Research Center. The International BRCA1/2 Carrier Cohort Study set out to examine if the same breast cancer protective factors of multiple births and breastfeeding provided to women without the genetic mutations extended to women with the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes. 

According to the study, women with one child have the same breast cancer risk as childless women. The risk of developing breast cancer after age 40 was lowered by 14 percent with every child. Interestingly, women with a BRCA2 mutation had twice the cancer risk if they had given birth to their first child after age 20 compared to those who had become mothers before age 20. For carriers of BRCA1 mutations, it was the exact opposite. The risk of getting breast cancer was lower in women who had given birth to their first child after age 30. The only thing about research -- it is only correct until the next research study. I only say this because I hear over and over from women who are surprised by a breast cancer diagnosis when they did not have any of the risk factors or they fit the profile of a woman with reduced risk. If you have the inherited BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes, the study results are a generalization, and your individual situation might differ. I would not sit here and read into this study that you are going to get breast cancer because you only gave birth to one child -- or that you didn't have children at the optimum age.

In a new report on environmental contaminants strong link to cancer by University of Liverpool researchers, infants and young children may be at risk of developing cancer through exposure to pesticides in food and from exposure to contaminants in the home environment. The cancer causing chemicals found in the meat and dairy products mothers consume can be transferred to infants through breast milk. 

The Cancer Prevention and Education Society is working to reduce the current epidemic levels of cancer by reducing human exposure to carcinogens, particularly those of man-made origin. Unlike other cancer charities, the primary purpose of the organization is to prevent people from getting cancer in the first place. Here are ten top tips for reducing cancer risks:

• Do eat fresh organic food or, failing that, food low in additives.
• Do drink filtered or mineral water.
• Don't use synthetic pesticides in your garden.
• Use water based paints or, if you must use solvent paints, ventilate your home very well.
• Don't use aerosols that can be breathed in or leave deposits on domestic surfaces - deodorants, air-fresheners, hair-spray, fly and mosquito repellents.
• Do use toiletries low in additives and avoid chlorinated items.
• Don't smoke, protect yourself from sun-burn and drink alcohol in moderation.
• Do eat fish from low pollution waters.
• Do read all product labels. Try to minimize your exposure to synthetic chemicals and pollution.
• Dispose of chemicals carefully.