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Posts with tag malignancy

Core needle biopsies: What does borderline pathology mean?

Borderline pathology of a core needle biopsy for breast cancer seems to mean that its in a grey zone between benign diagnosis and a cancer diagnoses.

In an issue of the British Journal of Cancer it states that one-third of breast core needle biopsy (CNB) specimens with borderline pathology prove to be malignant.

Dr. Nehmat Houssami and Dr. Stefano said in an interview with Reuters Health "We want physicians to keep in mind that a CNB diagnosis of a borderline lesion is not 'negative' for cancer, and on the contrary, it is flagged that further management/treatment step is needed."

The article also states that the information to the patient should be balanced. Yes, this could be breast cancer but to reassure a bit ( I don't know if this would actually make me less anxious) but approximately one in three will actually be malignant and the other two will prove to be benign.

Take home message: Read you pathology report, get help understanding your pathology reports and make sure if the results need to be investigated further that you push for it.

And oh yes, I have been in that wonderful position pictured -- wasn't all that bad. That time it came back benign!

Good news, bad news: Cancer cells genetically mutate

Researchers have found that when cells become cancerous, they become 100 times more likely to genetically mutate than non-cancerous cells. This explains why tumor cells have so many mutations. Good news on the research front. But bad news on the treatment front -- because therapies that target a certain gene may be largely ineffective in controlling cancer.

"This is very bad news, because it means that cancer cells in a tumor will have mutations that protect them from therapeutics," says lead researcher Dr. Lawrence Loeb, professor of pathology and biochemistry at the University of Washington School of Medicine in Seattle, who presented his findings February 18 at the meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in San Francisco.

Loeb says chemotherapy drugs target specific oncogenes -- genes that affect the malignancy of a cell -- but if cancer cells are mutator cells, then a single tumor may have cells with all sorts of oncogenes. And while chemotherapy may kill some cancerous cells, millions of others will live on.

It's not all bad news, though, says Loeb who believes this research may help doctors determine the stage and malignancy of tumors by testing the number of mutations. It may also help researchers understand what makes a cancer cell a mutator and how to slow the rate of mutation.

"The idea is that if you might normally get exposed to something in the environment at 20 years old that would give you cancer by age 55, then if we cut the mutation rate in half, you might not get cancer until age 90, and you may even die of something else before that," Loeb explained.

Kidney transplant triples risk of cancer

Kidney transplants can save lives. They can also increase the risk of developing a variety of cancers, according to Australian researchers who report a risk 300 percent higher than in the general population.

Most cancers developed in kidney transplant patients have a known or suspected viral origin, suggesting the weakened immune systems in these patients limit protection against cancer.

"The immunosuppressive drugs transplant patients take lower their ability to fight off infections that can trigger malignancy", the lead researcher said. "We believe the increased incidence of infection leads to the infection that results in cancer." She also notes there is probably an even greater risk of cancer among heart and lung transplant patients because these patients receive more powerful immunosuppressive drugs.

Researchers gathered their findings by comparing the incidence of cancer in 29,000 patients with end-stage kidney disease who received kidney transplants. Data was collected beginning five years prior to transplantation, during dialysis, and after transplantation. Researchers then consulted an Australian registry to identify cancers occurring between the years of 1982-2003. They compared the statistics with the number of cancers seen among transplant patients.

These cancers included melanoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Hodgkin's disease, leukemia and cancers of the lip, tongue, mouth, salivary gland, esophagus, stomach, colon, anus, liver, gallbladder, lung, connective and other soft tissue, vulva, cervix, penis, eye and thyroid. There was also an increase in nasal cavity and vaginal cancers.

This study has important implications for future immosuppression. Patients should give considerable thought to quality-of-life transplants -- such as face transplants and hand transplants -- and should carefully weigh the risks of weakened immunity. On a brighter note, this study might help prompt research on medication that can selectively target the part of the body responsible for rejecting a transplant. Because right now, medications affect the entire immune system -- and this is what makes patients more prone to developing cancer.

Cells that promote tumor angiogenesis

According to a report in the August 15th Cancer Research stem cell-like glioma cells, taken from glioblastoma biopsy specimens, promote tumor angiogenesis by secreting levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) at levels ten to 20 fold higher than ordinary glioma cells.

Figuring out a way to control angiogenesis (growth of new blood vessels to the tumor) is what this is all about. Brain cancer is hard to treat and for it to become a chronic disease we need specialized medications that target the cancer cells. By understanding the stem cell-like glioma cells, which the researchers see have characteristics that contribute to tumor malignancy, they can then come up with drugs that prohibit angiogenesis from occurring thus killing the cancer cell.

Fighting bladder cancer by finding it early

Studies presented at the American Urilogical Association expand the role of the NMP22 Bladder Chek Test. It improves bladder cancer detection to 99 percent, aiding the earlier detection of cancer and is reported to indicate the likelihood of life threatening bladder malignancy. It is recommended for use in screening high risk populations for bladder cancer to save lives and reduce expense. It is also four times more effective than the conventional laboratory urine test in detecting recurrent bladder cancer.

Continue reading Fighting bladder cancer by finding it early

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