Breast, lung and colorectal cancer diagnosed and treated early can be surgically removed with success, but if the cancerous cells have already entered the bloodstream at the time the tumor is surgically removed, the danger of a secondary tumor elsewhere in the body is a serious cause for worry.

But not all roaming cancer cells become a secondary tumor, which leaves the question as to what is happening to encourage or suppress additional cancer. According to University of Liverpool researchers, the answer is found in a large protein called MUC1.

MUC1 acts as a protective shield, thereby allowing our immune system a chance to destroy the rogue cancer cells. When the protein shield fails, cancerous cells can begin to develop into a new tumor.

University's School of Clinical Sciences Dr Lu-Gang Yu explains, "MUC1 on the cell surface prevents the cancer cells from attaching to the blood vessel wall which causes secondary tumors. We have discovered that a small protein called galectin-3, attacks MUC1 and breaks up its protective shield, forcing large areas of the cancer cell to become exposed. The exposed areas of the cell allow the cancer to attach to the blood vessel wall. The cancer cells then eventually penetrate the blood wall to form tumors at secondary sites."

As more scientific discoveries into the mechanisms and spread of cancer are revealed, the less mysterious it will be in determining ahead of time who is at most risk of cancer recurrence. More importantly, new treatments might be developed that stop the process in those most at risk for a secondary cancer.

Research presented at the meeting on Molecular Diagnostics in Cancer Therapeutic Development, organized by the American Association for Cancer Research, says that in the near future the United States will have a new way to detect distant metastasis sooner in breast cancer patients.

The company AdnaGen's diagnostic tool is being evaluated in clinical studies at The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center in Houston. The tool can spot one malignant cell in a typical blood sample.

Using the new technology cancer cells can be captured and analyzed to identify several gene products, including potential molecular targets for a specific drug. Treatments for metastatic breast cancer usually will be given based on the features of the primary tumor. The cancer's primary tumor can be estrogen negative but the metastasis can be estrogen positive. Knowing this information can open up more treatment options for those diagnosed with metastatic breast cancer.

AdnaGen, which is marketing its breast cancer assay (as well as assays for colon and prostate cancer) in Europe, is awaiting the results of a clinical trial before applying for FDA approval to make the test available in the United States.

Apple CEO Steve Jobs delivered a commencement speech at Stanford University on June 12, 2005. It was about following curiosity and intuition, about looking back and connecting the dots in life, about beginnings and endings, about death. Jobs, a survivor of pancreatic cancer, knows a thing or two about facing death. And the words he chose to relate his life-threatening experience to a crowd full of hopeful graduates are powerful and inspiring. I could paraphrase his message -- but surely something would be lost in my translation. So here is a bit of what he said -- word for word.

Researchers have concluded that many cancers are associated with an increased risk of developing thyroid cancer after treatment for the first cancer. In addition, there appears to be a 30 percent chance for thyroid cancer survivors developing a second and different cancer later. Western General Hospital in Edinburgh, UK researchers looked over 25 years of health information collected by cancer registries and found that for thyroid cancer survivors, many of the second cancers diagnosed tended to be skin, prostate, kidney, adrenal gland cancers, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. They also found a number of thyroid cancer diagnosis after another cancer had been diagnosed and treated.

According to the research report, the only cancers not significantly associated with increased risk of thyroid cancer were those of the lips, mouth, pharynx, gallbladder, some female genitals, prostate, and bladder. The highest risk of being diagnosed with secondary thyroid cancer occurred during the first year following the diagnosis of the first cancer. The researchers note that the two-way associations between cancers might be due to shared genetic, hormonal or environmental risk factors or the use of potentially cancer-causing therapies for both cancers. What this study indicates is the real need for both physicians and cancer survivors to be on the lookout for the possibility of thyroid cancer following other cancers, and other cancers following thyroid cancer.